The recent discovery of Lombard royal tombs beneath a 15th-century cloister in Pavia has captivated archaeologists and historians alike. More than 20 early medieval graves, including stone boxes with terracotta-tiled roofs, offer an unprecedented glimpse into the lives of Lombard royalty during the 7th century. This article explores the historical and cultural significance of this discovery and delves into the fascinating processes behind the excavation and analysis of these ancient relics.
The Historical Context of the Lombards in Italy
The Lombards, a Germanic tribe, first invaded Italy in 568 under the leadership of King Alboin. While they swiftly conquered much of northern Italy, Pavia presented an exceptional challenge. Its well-fortified defenses resisted Lombard forces for three years. Eventually, in 572, Pavia fell and became the capital of the Kingdom of Lombardy, remaining a pivotal center of power until the kingdom’s fall in 774.
At the time of their invasion, the Lombards were Christian, but they adhered to Arianism, a sect considered heretical by the Catholic Church. During the reign of King Aripert I (653-661), most Lombards converted to Catholicism, marking a significant religious transformation. In 657, Aripert built the first Lombard dynastic mausoleum at the site now occupied by the Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore. This site became the final resting place for members of the Lombard royal family until the early 8th century.
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Discovery of the Lombard Royal Tombs
The excavation, commissioned by the parish of Santissimo Salvatore, aimed to uncover the early medieval burials believed to lie beneath the cloister. Using geophysical surveys, archaeologists identified well-preserved burial sites in the southern half of the cloister. Between September and October 2024, the team unearthed over 20 graves, including stone box tombs with flat and gabled tiled roofs. One of the oldest graves was adorned with a large painted red cross, a striking testament to the era’s Christian symbolism.
The terracotta-tiled roof tombs date back to the 7th century, coinciding with the reign of Aripert I. These tombs were likely reserved for members of the Lombard royal court, reflecting their elevated social status. The graves were often reopened for subsequent burials, with some remains reinterred above earlier deposits. This practice underscores the evolving burial traditions of the Lombards as they integrated Catholic rituals into their cultural practices.
Advanced Archaeological Techniques
The excavation was a multidisciplinary effort involving archaeologists, students, and professionals. Drones and 3D photogrammetry were employed to document the site, while skeletal remains were carefully scanned and preserved for further study. This meticulous approach ensured the preservation of fragile artifacts and provided detailed data for subsequent analysis.
Students from the university’s archaeology and cultural heritage programs played a vital role in the excavation. Depending on their experience, they participated in tasks ranging from field documentation to the recovery of delicate materials. These hands-on experiences not only enriched their education but also contributed to the broader understanding of Lombard society.
Insights into Lombard Society
The analysis of human remains from the tombs promises to reveal critical details about the biological, social, and cultural makeup of Lombard Pavia. Isotope and DNA analyses are underway to determine the diets, geographic origins, and familial connections of the deceased. Collaboration with German research institutions will facilitate the study of ancient DNA, potentially identifying links between these individuals and Northern European populations documented in other Lombard necropolises.
The graves’ layout and construction indicate a well-organized funerary area reserved for high-ranking individuals. Some tombs were adorned with symbolic artifacts, reflecting the deceased’s social status and religious beliefs. Over time, simpler graves were added above the royal tombs, likely for monks associated with the monastery established on the site during the late medieval period.
Broader Implications of the Findings
This discovery not only enhances our understanding of Lombard burial practices but also offers a glimpse into the daily lives of this medieval society. The skeletal remains reveal signs of physical labor and dietary habits, shedding light on the activities and health of Lombard elites. The integration of Catholic funerary customs reflects the broader cultural transformation that occurred during this period.
Moreover, the findings highlight Pavia’s role as a cultural and political hub during the Lombard era. The city’s strategic location made it a focal point for trade and governance, while its architectural legacy reflects the Lombards’ blending of Germanic and Roman traditions.
Future Research Directions
The excavation of the cloister’s northern half, scheduled for 2025, is expected to yield additional insights into this significant archaeological site. Continued analysis of skeletal remains will provide further details about the individuals buried there, including their social hierarchy, health, and lifestyle. Advanced techniques, such as archaeogenetics, will deepen our understanding of the Lombards’ connections to other populations in Italy and beyond.
The interdisciplinary approach adopted for this project underscores the importance of collaboration in archaeological research. By integrating historical, anthropological, and genetic data, researchers aim to construct a comprehensive picture of Lombard Pavia and its role in shaping medieval Europe.
Conclusion
The discovery of Lombard royal tombs in Pavia represents a landmark achievement in medieval archaeology. These burials offer a unique window into the lives, beliefs, and societal structures of one of Europe’s most influential kingdoms. As research continues, the findings will undoubtedly enrich our understanding of the Lombards and their enduring legacy in Italian history. This excavation not only honors the past but also demonstrates the power of modern science to illuminate the complexities of ancient societies.
