In 1908, during an expedition organized by Harvard University, archaeologist George Reisner made a significant discovery near the Menkaure funerary complex in Giza. Among the finds were eight fascinating “triads” that depicted Pharaoh Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and various provinces of Egypt. These triads, unearthed by Reisner, added a new dimension to our understanding of the historical and religious significance surrounding Menkaure’s reign.
Prior to this excavation, an important Egyptological summit took place in 1902 at the Mena House hotel in Cairo. Gaston Maspero, the director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, extended invitations to esteemed archaeologists of the time. Among the attendees were Ludwig Borchardt, representing German archaeologist George Steindorff, Ernesto Schiaparelli from Italy (who later discovered Nefertari’s tomb in 1904), and George Andrew Reisner, a renowned American archaeologist often likened to the meticulousness of Flinders Petrie.
The primary objective of this gathering was to allocate excavation areas on the Giza plateau. Consequently, the Germans were assigned the sector surrounding the pyramid of Khafre, while the Italians received a portion of the cemetery situated north of Khafre’s pyramid. Remarkably, the North American team led by George Reisner was granted the privilege of exploring the entire funerary complex of Pharaoh Menkaure, which included the architecturally captivating smallest pyramid among the trio in Giza.
Building upon the decision made during the summit, George Reisner commenced his excavation work near the Menkaure funerary complex in 1906. Supported by Harvard University, his excavation team embarked on a journey that would ultimately reveal remarkable insights into the life, culture, and legacy of Pharaoh Menkaure.
Through their meticulous efforts, Reisner and his team unearthed not only the stunning triads but also other significant artifacts that shed light on the rich history of ancient Egypt. The expedition led by George Reisner stands as a testament to the dedication and precision of archaeological research, contributing invaluable knowledge to the field and enhancing our understanding of the fascinating civilization that once thrived in Giza.
Unveiling Splendor: The Rediscovery of Magnificent Statues in Menkaure’s Complex
In 1908, George Reisner embarked on an ambitious exploration of the pyramid complex of Pharaoh Menkaure, building upon previous expeditions that had already examined the pyramid itself. Reisner’s focus shifted to investigating other elements of the complex, leading to remarkable discoveries that shed light on the ancient Egyptian civilization.
Along the eastern face of the pyramid, Reisner unearthed the upper temple, where fragments of a colossal seated alabaster statue of Pharaoh Menkaure were found. He also revealed the remnants of the road that connected this structure to the lower temple, or the valley, where purification rites for the king’s mummy were believed to have taken place. Although the valley temple has yet to be located, Reisner’s findings provided valuable insights into the rituals and practices surrounding Menkaure’s burial.
Further exploration led to the discovery of the funerary chapels associated with the three satellite pyramids belonging to Menkaure’s wives. Additionally, Reisner uncovered tombs of funerary priests responsible for the royal cult, emphasizing the religious importance attributed to the complex.
In June 1908, Reisner directed his efforts toward uncovering the remains of the Lower Temple of Menkaure. This rudimentary structure, constructed with raw brick and a limestone foundation, appeared to have been hastily completed, possibly due to the untimely demise of the pharaoh. The entrance on the eastern side led to a hall with four columns, flanked by rooms resembling warehouses. Beyond the hall lay a spacious courtyard that provided access to the offering room, featuring six columns, and the sanctuary itself, accompanied by adjoining chambers.
It was within these chambers that Reisner made a sensational discovery in July 1908. Joseph Lindon Smith, an illustrator for the expedition, vividly recounts the moment of revelation. As rooms filled with sculptures were opened one by one, the excitement among the archaeologists grew. Magnificent sculptural groups emerged from the debris, consisting of eight Greywacke sculptures, each composed of three characters: Pharaoh Menkaure wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt, the goddess Hathor adorned with her distinctive double-horned headdress and sun disk, and a personification of an ancient Egyptian nome or province.
While four of these sculptures, known as triads, were fragmented and incomplete, the remaining four were found intact and remarkably well-preserved. Although the exact purpose of these statues remains uncertain, they likely served both a religious and political function. They potentially symbolized Menkaure’s authority over the entire country, signifying his status as the ruler of all the provinces.
The unearthing of these awe-inspiring statues left the archaeologists in awe, providing a glimpse into the artistic mastery and cultural significance of ancient Egypt. The discoveries made by George Reisner and his team continue to contribute to our understanding of the rich history and complex rituals associated with Pharaoh Menkaure and his time.
Masterpieces
The Menkaure funerary complex has yielded several masterpieces that provide insights into the artistry and symbolism of ancient Egypt. Among the notable discoveries made by George Reisner are the following:
The Triads: These sculptural groups consist of Pharaoh Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and personifications of various nomes or provinces of ancient Egypt. The triads were found both fragmented and complete. One complete triad was taken to the United States, while the remaining complete triads stayed in Egypt.
Pharaoh Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty: In January 1910, a complete sculptural group depicting Pharaoh Menkaure and a woman embracing him was unearthed. This woman is believed to be Queen Khamerernebty, Menkaure’s Great Royal Wife, although some researchers suggest she may be his mother. This masterpiece was also taken to the United States.
Colossal Alabaster Statue: Reisner discovered a colossal seated alabaster statue of Pharaoh Menkaure in the upper temple of the complex. The statue, likely representing Menkaure in a regal pose, was transported to the United States.
Source: Carme Mayans, National Geographic
