One of the earliest surviving alabaster effigies dedicated to a member of the higher clergy is the effigy of Ralph of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bath and Wells, who died in 1363. This remarkable effigy can be found in Wells Cathedral, Somerset. This article explores the history, significance, and unique features of Bishop Ralph’s effigy, as well as his contributions to the church and community.
Historical Background
Bishop Ralph’s effigy originally held a place of high honor, positioned prominently in the middle of the choir before the high altar in Wells Cathedral. However, around 1550, it was moved from the choir and placed in its current location in the North Choir Aisle. Evidence from graffiti patterns and dates suggests that the effigy has been in this position since at least the early eighteenth century. The left side of the effigy is heavily marked with graffiti, while the right side, which is against the wall, remains almost untouched. Despite this, the effigy is relatively well-preserved.
Detailed Description of the Effigy
Bishop Ralph is depicted lying recumbent, with his head supported by a pair of pillows and his hands in prayer. The craftsmanship of the carving is exquisite, with the head of his staff, though now broken off, originally fully undercut. A particularly notable feature of the effigy is his mitre, shown hinged at both sides and secured by pins. This effigy served as a model for that of Bishop Harewell, who died in 1386. Bishop Harewell’s effigy, also made of alabaster, features a hinged mitre and replaces the two collared dogs at Bishop Ralph’s feet with two hares, a pun on Harewell’s name.
Bishop Ralph’s Life and Legacy
Ralph of Shrewsbury, despite his obscure origins, was a prominent figure. He served as Chancellor of Oxford University from 1328 to 1329 and was unanimously elected Bishop of Bath and Wells by the monks of Bath and the canons of Wells in 1329. His consecration took place without the Pope’s assent, resulting in Bishop Ralph having to pay 2,000 florins to the Roman treasury. His legacy is largely defined by his pastoral activities and his reputation for sanctity. He restored many of the palaces associated with the see and fortified the episcopal palace at Wells with lofty walls and a deep moat. It is likely that he also played a significant role in recasting the eastern limb of Wells Cathedral.
Contributions to the Clergy and Community
Bishop Ralph’s principal benefactions at Wells were aimed at supporting the minor clergy. He founded the college of vicars, secured a license of incorporation for them, and provided them with dwellings, a chapel, and a hall in ‘the vicars close,’ allowing them to live together. He also ensured they had an endowment separate from the capitular estates and established rules for their conduct. The vicars close still stands today. A commemorative panel painting in Wells Cathedral, dating from the late-sixteenth or early-seventeenth century, depicts the vicars kneeling at the bishop’s feet with an inscription expressing their gratitude for the provided lodgings.
Conclusion
The alabaster effigy of Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury is not only a remarkable example of medieval craftsmanship but also a testament to the bishop’s significant contributions to Wells Cathedral and the broader church community. His legacy, marked by his pastoral care and support for the minor clergy, continues to be remembered and honored through his effigy and the enduring structures he helped establish.
